A lot of what we do in medicine is either not informed by data or not supported by conclusive research. In 49% of all Cochrane systematic reviews, the conclusion is that the data do not support either benefit or harm. Further studies are recommended in the majority of the reviews. (1) In a more recent analysis of Cochrane reviews, it was found that for only 1 in 10 health care interventions is there a published high-quality primary outcome. Overall, only 5.6% of all health care interventions are deemed to be effective on the basis of the available data.(2) Of course, one should not be dogmatic, and not every aspect of the care we provide requires a multicenter clinical trial. Overall, however, there is a knowledge gap for much of what we do in medicine. High-quality data generated by multicenter clinical trials are of paramount importance to inform clinicians.
 
An intriguing phenomenon is that the limited number of health care interventions that are deemed effective are often not implemented in clinical practice. In a study conducted in 118 ICUs in Brazil, it was found that 42% of the mechanically ventilated patients did not receive a tidal volume ≤ 8 ml/kg of predicted body weight.(3) Prone positioning was implemented in only 16.3% of patients with severe ARDS in an international study that included 459 ICUs in 50 countries.(4) Another concept that is closely associated with implementation of effective health care interventions is that of variation in health care.(5) Some degree of variation may not necessarily be harmful and could drive innovation. The problem is substantial variation, a lack of standardization, and the consequent failure to implement effective interventions consistently.
 
Important steps to improve the implementation of effective interventions and reduce variation in health care include increasing the knowledge base of clinicians and adopting protocols. To that end, medical societies produce documents that summarize the medical literature and provide evidence-based recommendations such as guidelines and consensus statements. In this issue of the JBP, Ferreira et al.(6) publish a joint statement on evidence-based practices in mechanical ventilation. The project is sponsored by two Brazilian medical societies: the Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia and the Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira. The document was produced by 75 authors with expertise in the field. It includes 38 topics. For each topic, there is a comment, which is a brief explanation of the theme to be addressed. This may be followed by one or more suggestions in the presence of at least one randomized trial with low risk of bias or existing statements endorsed by well-established health organizations, or one or more considerations in the absence of a high level of evidence. In this issue, JBP readers will find an article containing a detailed explanation of the methodology used in order to generate the document, as well as a useful and practical table highlighting the suggestions and/or considerations for each topic. The full document, which is freely available on the websites of the two societies, can be accessed through a link in the published article.
 
The end result of the work by Ferreira et al.(6) is a comprehensive, evidence-based guide to mechanical ventilation. There are core or essential topics, as well as topics that are quite unique and not easily found elsewhere, such as mechanical ventilation in pregnancy, dental care in mechanically ventilated patients, and respiratory support for patients under palliative care. Finally, there are chapters that address themes that could be considered trending because they reflect recent research or renewed interest. These include mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19, awake prone positioning, and patient self-inflicted lung injury. The results of studies by Brazilian scientists inform many chapters, including the use of protective ventilation to improve survival in ARDS,(7) the benefit of low tidal volume that extends to patients without ARDS,(8) the lack of benefit and potential harm with lung recruitment maneuvers in moderate to severe ARDS,(9) the association of driving pressure and survival in ARDS,(10) the relative effect of ventilator variables on mortality in ARDS,(11) the effect of spontaneous breathing on the pleural pressure in different regions of the lung during mechanical ventilation,(12) and the effect of assisted breaths on lung histology in patients ventilated with pressure-limited modes.(13)
 
The authors recognize that some of the suggestions and considerations might be difficult to adopt widely in Brazilian ICUs because of the lack of resources. For example, take two technologies that have been game changers in the ICU. One is video laryngoscopy, which has recently been shown to be superior to direct laryngoscopy for critically ill adults undergoing endotracheal intubation. (14) In the document, video laryngoscopy is part of the difficult airway and failed airway algorithms. Another is high-flow nasal cannula, for which there is now a large body of evidence showing it is either noninferior(15) or superior(16) to other forms of oxygen delivery in acute respiratory failure. These technologies may be found in select major academic centers or large private hospitals but are unlikely to be currently found elsewhere in Brazil. A recent publication by the Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira shows that there is an enormous regional disparity in ICU resources in Brazil. Although there are 7.35 intensivists per 100,000 population in southeastern Brazil, there are only 2.01 per 100,000 population in northern Brazil and 3.02 per 100,000 population in northeastern Brazil. Although there are 42.58 ICU beds per 100,000 population in southeastern Brazil, there are only 27.52 per 100,000 population in northern Brazil and 29.28 per 100,000 population in northeastern Brazil.(17) Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, invasive ventilatory support outside of the ICU was provided to 13% of invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 in southeastern Brazil; this contrasts with 17% in northern Brazil and 16% in northeastern Brazil. The ICU mortality for patients with COVID-19 was 49% in southeastern Brazil; this contrasts with a staggering 79% in northern Brazil and 66% in northeastern Brazil. (18) Resource disparities also exist when capitals are compared with the countryside or when the public health system is compared with the private sector.(17) How can these inequalities be factored in when an attempt is made to produce a unifying evidence-based document on mechanical ventilation? I agree with the approach of the authors, who favored the inclusion of evidence-based interventions even if they require extensive expertise or advanced technologies. As the authors point out, it is the hope that the suggestions and considerations in the document will inform health policy and ultimately improve access to ICUs that are adequately structured, equipped, and staffed.
 
The document is of interest to a broad readership, including clinicians, nurses, and respiratory therapists working in the ICU. Table 2, which summarizes the suggestions and considerations, can be easily adapted into a checklist for use at bedside. I suggest that Table 2 and the full document both be added to the curriculum of the Brazilian medical residencies. Ideally, the document should be periodically updated at short intervals—and this might be a challenge. The authors and the medical societies deserve congratulations for such an important work.
 
 
REFERENCES
 
1.            El Dib RP, Atallah AN, Andriolo RB. Mapping the Cochrane evidence for decision making in health care. J Eval Clin Pract. 2007;13(4):689-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2007.00886.x
2.            Howick J, Koletsi D, Ioannidis JPA, Madigan C, Pandis N, Loef M, et al. Most healthcare interventions tested in Cochrane Reviews are not effective according to high quality evidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. Aug 2022;148:160-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.04.017
3.            Midega TD, Bozza FA, Machado FR, Guimarães HP, Salluh JI, Nassar AP Jr, et al. Organizational factors associated with adherence to low tidal volume ventilation: a secondary analysis of the CHECKLIST-ICU database. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-020-00687-3
4.            Bellani G, Laffey JG, Pham T, Fan E, Brochard L, Esteban A, et al. Epidemiology, Patterns of Care, and Mortality for Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Intensive Care Units in 50 Countries. [published correction appears in JAMA. 2016 Jul 19;316(3):350. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.6956.] [published correction appears in JAMA. 2016 Jul 19;316(3):350. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.9558.]. JAMA. 2016;315(8):788-800. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.0291
5.            Wennberg JE. Unwarranted variations in healthcare delivery: implications for academic medical centres. BMJ. 2002;325(7370):961-4. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7370.961
6.            Ferreira JC, Vianna AOA, Pinheiro BV, Maia IS, Baldisserotto SV, Isola AM; et al. Joint statement on evidence-based practices in mechanical ventilation: suggestions from two Brazilian medical societies. J Bras Pneumol. 2025;51(1):e20240255. https://doi.org/10.36416/1806-3756/e20240255
7.            Amato MB, Barbas CS, Medeiros DM, Magaldi RB, Schettino GP, Lorenzi-Filho G, et al. Effect of a protective-ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(6):347-54. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199802053380602
8.            Serpa Neto A, Cardoso SO, Manetta JA, Pereira VG, Espósito DC, Pasqualucci Mde O, et al. Association between use of lung-protective ventilation with lower tidal volumes and clinical outcomes among patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012;308(16):1651-9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.13730
9.            Writing Group for the Alveolar Recruitment for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Trial (ART) Investigators; Cavalcanti AB, Suzumura ÉA, Laranjeira LN, Paisani DM, Damiani LP, et al. Effect of Lung Recruitment and Titrated Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) vs Low PEEP on Mortality in Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017;318(14):1335-1345. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.14171
10.          Amato MB, Meade MO, Slutsky AS, Brochard L, Costa EL, Schoenfeld DA, et al. Driving pressure and survival in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(8):747-55. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1410639
11.          Costa ELV, Slutsky AS, Brochard LJ, Brower R, Serpa-Neto A, Cavalcanti AB, et al. Ventilatory Variables and Mechanical Power in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;204(3):303-311. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202009-3467OC
12.          Yoshida T, Torsani V, Gomes S, De Santis RR, Beraldo MA, Costa EL, et al. Spontaneous effort causes occult pendelluft during mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188(12):1420-7. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201303-0539OC
13.          Saddy F, Oliveira GP, Garcia CS, Nardelli LM, Rzezinski AF, Ornellas DS, et al. Assisted ventilation modes reduce the expression of lung inflammatory and fibrogenic mediators in a model of mild acute lung injury. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36(8):1417-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-010-1808-6
14.          Prekker ME, Driver BE, Trent SA, Resnick-Ault D, Seitz KP, Russell DW, et al. Video versus Direct Laryngoscopy for Tracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(5):418-429. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2301601
15.          RENOVATE Investigators and the BRICNet Authors; Maia IS, Kawano-Dourado L, Tramujas L, de Oliveira NE, Souza RN, et al. High-Flow Nasal Oxygen vs Noninvasive Ventilation in Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure: The RENOVATE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024 Dec 10 [Epub ahead of print]. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.26244
16.          Frat JP, Thille AW, Mercat A, Girault C, Ragot S, Perbet S, et al. High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(23):2185-96. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1503326
17.          Cassenote A, Ribeiro MdS, de Souza GdCM. A Medicina Intensiva no Brasil: perfil dos profissionais e serviços de saúde. DOC; 2024.
18.          Ranzani OT, Bastos LSL, Gelli JGM, Marchesi JF, Baião F, Hamacher S, et al. Characteri-sation of the first 250,000 hospital admissions for COVID-19 in Brazil: a retrospective analysis of nationwide data. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9(4):407-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30560-9