ABSTRACT

Objective: To investigate the effects of manual chest compression (MCC) on the expiratory flow bias during the positive end-expiratory pressure-zero end-expiratory pressure (PEEP-ZEEP) airway clearance maneuver applied in patients on mechanical ventilation. The flow bias, which influences pulmonary secretion removal, is evaluated by the ratio and difference between the peak expiratory flow (PEF) and the peak inspiratory flow (PIF). Methods: This was a crossover randomized study involving 10 patients. The PEEP-ZEEP maneuver was applied at four time points, one without MCC and the other three with MCC, which were performed by three different respiratory therapists. Respiratory mechanics data were obtained with a specific monitor. Results: The PEEP-ZEEP maneuver without MCC was enough to exceed the threshold that is considered necessary to move secretion toward the glottis (PEF − PIF difference > 33 L/min): a mean PEF − PIF difference of 49.1 ± 9.4 L/min was achieved. The mean PEF/PIF ratio achieved was 3.3 ± 0.7. Using MCC with PEEP-ZEEP increased the mean PEF − PIF difference by 6.7 ± 3.4 L/min. We found a moderate correlation between respiratory therapist hand grip strength and the flow bias generated with MCC. No adverse hemodynamic or respiratory effects were found. Conclusions: The PEEP-ZEEP maneuver, without MCC, resulted in an expiratory flow bias superior to that necessary to facilitate pulmonary secretion removal. Combining MCC with the PEEP-ZEEP maneuver increased the expiratory flow bias, which increases the potential of the maneuver to remove secretions.

Keywords: Physical therapy modalities; Critical care; Respiration, artificial; Bodily secretions.

RESUMO

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da compressão torácica manual (CTM) sobre o flow bias expiratório durante a manobra positive end-expiratory pressure-zero end-expiratory pressure (PEEP-ZEEP) para a remoção de secreção em pacientes sob ventilação mecânica invasiva. O flow bias, que influencia na remoção de secreção pulmonar, foi avaliado pela razão e diferença entre pico de fluxo expiratório (PFE) e pico de fluxo inspiratório (PFI). Métodos: Estudo cruzado e randomizado no qual participaram 10 pacientes. A manobra PEEP-ZEEP foi aplicada em quatro momentos, sendo um sem CTM e os outros três em associação com a CTM, que foram aplicadas por três fisioterapeutas distintos. Um monitor específico foi utilizado para o registro dos dados de mecânica respiratória. Resultados: A manobra PEEP-ZEEP sem a CTM foi suficiente para ultrapassar o limiar do flow bias expiratório (diferença PFE − PFI > 33 l/min), considerado necessário para deslocar a secreção em direção à glote; a média da diferença PFE − PFI encontrada foi de 49,1 ± 9,4 l/min. A média da razão PFE/PFI alcançada foi de 3,3 ± 0,7. A associação da CTM à PEEP-ZEEP aumentou a média da diferença PFE − PFI em 6,7 ± 3,4 l/min. Foi observada correlação moderada entre a força de preensão manual dos fisioterapeutas e o flow bias gerado durante a CTM. Não foram encontradas alterações hemodinâmicas ou respiratórias adversas ao longo do estudo. Conclusões: A manobra PEEP-ZEEP sem a CTM resultou em um flow bias expiratório superior ao considerado efetivo para auxiliar na remoção de secreção pulmonar. A associação com a CTM aumentou o flow bias expiratório, o que aumenta o potencial da manobra para remover secreções.

Palavras-chave: Modalidades de fisioterapia; Cuidados críticos; Respiração artificial; Secreções corporais.

INTRODUCTION

Patients undergoing mechanical ventilation show changes in the airway clearance mechanisms, those changes favoring the retention of pulmonary secretions. (1,2) The accumulation of secretions causes an increase in airway resistance and partial or total airway obstruction, resulting in alveolar hypoventilation, atelectasis, hypoxemia, and increased work of breathing, as well as creating a favorable environment for the proliferation of bacteria and the development of pneumonia.(3,4) All of those changes prolong the time to weaning from mechanical ventilation and worsen patient prognosis.(5) In this context, respiratory therapy, applying manual techniques or using the mechanical ventilator itself, acts with the purpose of facilitating secretion removal and consequently improving the clinical course of critically ill patients.(6,7)

Since the 1980s, there have been studies showing that pulmonary secretion removal depends not only on high expiratory flows but also on the presence of an expiratory flow bias, that is, on PEF being higher than the peak inspiratory flow (PIF) generated in the airways. (8-10) To date, four thresholds have been described for an expiratory flow bias to move secretion toward the glottis: PEF/PIF ratio > 1.1(8,9); PEF − PIF difference > 17 L/min(11); PEF/PIF ratio > 4.3(12); and PEF − PIF difference > 33 L/min.(12) Of those four thresholds, the latter two have a greater potential for reflecting human conditions because they were discovered in an animal study, with the use of secretion from the animals themselves, and because the influence of gravity on secretion movement was taken into account in that study, given that the animals were kept in a semirecumbent position.(12) With regard to the choice between the threshold based on the PEF/PIF ratio and that based on PEF - PIF difference, Volpe et al.(11) showed that PEF - PIF difference has a stronger and more significant correlation with secretion movement than does the PEF/PIF ratio. Therefore, using PEF - PIF difference as the target threshold for an expiratory flow bias to remove secretions seems to be more appropriate.

Among the secretion removal techniques with great potential to generate an expiratory flow bias are the positive end-expiratory pressure-zero end-expiratory pressure (PEEP-ZEEP) maneuver and manual chest compression (MCC), which can be combined. However, there have been few studies investigating PEEP-ZEEP, and little is known about the ventilation pattern and flow bias generated during it. Herbst-Rodrigues et al.(13) demonstrated that combining PEEP-ZEEP with MCC is a safe technique and that it resulted in increased PEF in myocardial revascularization patients during the immediate postoperative period. Santos et al.(14) compared PEEP-ZEEP vs. MCC, whereas Lobo et al.(15) compared PEEP-ZEEP plus MCC vs. manual hyperinflation, and neither group found PEEP-ZEEP to be superior in terms of improvement in lung compliance(14) or in terms of the quantity of secretions removed.(15) Except for the study by Herbst-Rodrigues et al.,(13) those studies did not investigate the airflows achieved during the maneuver, and none of the three reported the generated blow bias.(13-15) In addition, it is not known whether combining MCC with PEEP-ZEEP makes the maneuver more effective in terms of the flow bias generated.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of MCC on the expiratory flow bias generated by the PEEP-ZEEP maneuver in patients on mechanical ventilation. Because the effects of MCC on PEF can be influenced by operator characteristics, such as hand size and hand grip strength, we compared compressions performed by three different respiratory therapists.

METHODS

This was a quantitative, experimental crossover study involving a convenience sample and conducted at the Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, in the city of Uberaba, Brazil. The study was approved by the local research ethics committee (CAAE no. 47299815.8.0000.5154). Written informed consent was obtained from family members.

We included patients who had been on mechanical ventilation for more than 48 h; were between 19 and 68 years of age; were hemodynamically stable-receiving low doses of vasoactive drugs or no vasoactive drugs and having a mean arterial pressure (MAP) > 60 mmHg; had adequate oxygenation (FiO2 ≤ 0.4; PEEP ≤ 10 cmH2O; and SpO2 > 90%); and showed no signs of respiratory distress. The exclusion criteria were having intracranial hypertension, having pulmonary hypertension, being pregnant, having an undrained pneumothorax, having a rib fracture, and having a chest tube in place.

After being included, the patients were placed in the supine position, underwent the initial evaluation, and were submitted to endotracheal suctioning. The sensor of the CO2SMO Plus monitor (Dixtal Equipamentos Médicos, São Paulo, Brazil) was then connected, creating a link between the ventilator circuit and the endotracheal tube/tracheostomy tube, in order to obtain respiratory mechanics data.

Thirty minutes after endotracheal suctioning, we collected the baseline data and recorded ventilation for at least one minute, without changing the ventilator settings. The PEEP-ZEEP maneuver was then carried out in four distinct steps, the order in which they occurred being random and computer-generated. Of the 24 randomization possibilities, 12 were maintained so that the four possible steps were balanced in the first and fourth positions. The allocation was concealed until the patient was included in the study. The four steps were as follows: PEEP-ZEEP without MCC; PEEP-ZEEP with MCC applied by respiratory therapist 1; PEEP-ZEEP with MCC applied by respiratory therapist 2; and PEEP-ZEEP with MCC applied by respiratory therapist 3. Between each step, there was a 15-min interval, during which the patient was ventilated at the baseline settings. The three respiratory therapists who applied the maneuvers were part of the study research team and were female.

The PEEP-ZEEP maneuver was carried out during volume assist-control ventilation, with a tidal volume set to achieve a peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) of 30-35 cmH2O, an inspiratory time of 1.0-1.5 s, a square flow wave, and a PEEP of 15 cmH2O. At the beginning of the maneuver, PEEP was increased to 15 cmH2O, and, at the end of the inspiratory phase of the fifth cycle, PEEP was abruptly reduced to zero cmH2O-a cycle called ZEEP. In each step, the maneuver was carried out twice, totaling ten cycles per step. Figure 1 illustrates the pressure curves and flow curves over time during the PEEP-ZEEP maneuver as applied in the study (two sequential maneuvers).
 



MCC was applied bilaterally on the lower third of the thorax, in an abrupt/rapid way (compression applied only at the start of expiration), and in synchrony with the reduction of PEEP to zero cmH2O, which was achieved by observing the curves on the ventilator screen.

The patients were monitored continuously, and the maneuver was interrupted if the patients had an SpO2 < 90%, a systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg, an MAP < 60 mmHg, a heart rate < 60 bpm or > 140 bpm, or psychomotor agitation.

The maneuvers were continuously recorded by the device. Hemodynamic data (heart rate, systolic blood pressure, MAP, and diastolic blood pressure) and SpO2, as well as respiratory mechanics data, were recorded before the first step and 15 min after the end of the fourth step.

The size of the hands of the respiratory therapists who applied MCC was measured by the figure-of-eight method,(16) and the maximum grip strength of the dominant hand was determined with a hydraulic dynamometer (JAMAR; Patterson Medical Co., Danbury, CT, USA). For determination of maximum hand grip strength, the respiratory therapists were placed in a sitting position, with the shoulders adducted, the elbow flexed at 90°, and the wrist/forearm in a neutral unsupported position, holding the dynamometer.(17) Upon a verbal signal to start, the respiratory therapists gripped the dynamometer. Hand grip strength was measured three times, and the highest value obtained was used for analysis.

Analysis of respiratory mechanics

The system for acquisition of flow, pressure, and volume curves that was used was the CO2SMO Plus monitor (Dixtal Equipamentos Médicos) connected to a computer with the Analysis Plus software for Windows (Novametrix Medical Systems Inc., Wallingford, CT, USA), which records data at 100 Hz and allows subsequent analysis of the data stored. The analysis of the PEEP-ZEEP maneuver was divided into a pre-ZEEP cycle and a ZEEP cycle. Because the maneuver was applied twice in each step of the study, we selected and analyzed at least six cycles and two cycles, respectively, for the pre-ZEEP cycle and the ZEEP cycle, in order to obtain the mean values of PIP, inspiratory time, tidal volume, PEEP, PIF, and PEF for the pre-ZEEP cycle and for the ZEEP cycle. The analysis of the pre-ZEEP cycle was performed only during the PEEP-ZEEP maneuver without MCC. For the analysis of respiratory mechanics at baseline and at the end of the fourth step, we randomly selected at least 10 cycles and calculated the mean values of the variables of interest.

The primary outcome was the influence of MCC on the expiratory flow bias (as assessed by PEF − PIF difference) generated by the PEEP-ZEEP maneuver.

Statistical analysis

Data were presented as mean and standard deviation or as absolute and relative values. Comparative analyses of respiratory mechanics variables for the ZEEP cycle vs. the pre-ZEEP cycle (of the PEEP-ZEEP maneuver without MCC), as well as of respiratory mechanics and hemodynamic variables at baseline vs. at the end of the study, were carried out with the paired t-test. We analyzed the influence of MCC with repeated-measures ANOVA, testing four within-factor levels (without MCC, MCC-1, MCC-2, and MCC-3; the last three reflecting the performance of the three different respiratory therapists, respectively). Subsequently, a simple contrast (with Bonferroni correction) was used to determine whether MCC performed by any of the three respiratory therapists was significantly more efficient than was the "without MCC" condition.

Although the study was not designed to explore the influence of respiratory therapist characteristics on the final performance (i.e., accelerate expiratory flow), we conducted an exploratory analysis using within-patient linear regression (having adjusted for PEF without MCC in each patient), in which the following variables were tested as independent variables: maximum hand grip strength; and hand circumference. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS Statistics software package, version 20.0 for Windows (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA).

RESULTS

Twelve patients were included in the study. However, 2 of those 12 were excluded: one for experiencing an increased respiratory rate and respiratory distress during the protocol; and the other because of failures during acquisition of respiratory mechanics data. The characteristics of the 10 patients who participated in the study are described in Table 1.
 



Figure 2 shows the PEEP-ZEEP maneuver without MCC (in A) and the PEEP-ZEEP maneuver with MCC applied by respiratory therapist 2 (in B) in a patient who is representative of the study sample. The differences between the PEF values generated during the ZEEP cycle illustrate the contribution of the PEEP-ZEEP maneuver and of MCC to the occurrence of an expiratory flow bias.
 



Table 2 shows respiratory mechanics variables for the pre-ZEEP and ZEEP cycles of the PEEP-ZEEP maneuver without MCC and for the ZEEP cycle of the PEEP-ZEEP maneuver with MCC applied by each of the three respiratory therapists in the study. A comparison between the pre-ZEEP and ZEEP cycles demonstrates that the abrupt reduction of PEEP to zero cmH2O increased PEF by 29.4 ± 9.4 L/min, resulting in a significant increase in the PEF/PIF ratio and in PEF − PIF difference (Table 2). With regard to the other variables, only PIP was higher in the ZEEP cycle than in the pre-ZEEP cycle (1.4 ± 1.4 cmH2O higher), and, as expected, PEEP was lower (and close to zero) in the ZEEP cycle as compared with the pre-ZEEP cycle.
 



MCC, regardless of the respiratory therapist who performed it, resulted in a significant increase in PEF (p < 0.001) and in the expiratory flow bias, as expressed either by the PEF/PIF ratio (p = 0.004) or by PEF − PIF difference (p < 0.001; Figure 3). The increase caused by MCC was, on average, 7.2 ± 3.3 L/min, 6.7 ± 3.4 L/min, and 0.3 ± 0.2 L/min for PEF, PEF - PIF difference, and the PEF/PIF ratio, respectively. In Table 2, we can see that the increase provided by MCC in the expiratory flow bias occurred because of the increase in PEF generated by the compression, given that no significant difference was found across the PIFs generated during the four steps of the study.
 



Considering PEF − PIF difference > 33 L/min as the threshold that is most appropriate to represent the target expiratory flow bias during therapy for secretion clearance, we found that, of the 40 maneuvers performed, only 1 (2,5%), which was applied by respiratory therapist 3, did not reach the threshold necessary to move secretion toward the glottis.

Applying MCC in combination with the PEEP-ZEEP maneuver resulted in higher PIP as compared with applying the PEEP-ZEEP maneuver without MCC. Bonferroni analysis revealed that this difference was caused by the MCC applied by respiratory therapist 3 (Table 2, Figure 4). However, the mean PIP during MCC was below 40 cmH2O, and the PIP was between 40.0 and 45.5 cmH2O in only 4 of the 30 cycles (Figure 4).
 



With the exception of dynamic compliance of the respiratory system, which showed an increase when baseline and end-of-study values were compared, all respiratory mechanics variables and hemodynamic parameters, as well as SpO2, showed no differences, which demonstrates that the application of the maneuvers was safe in respiratory and hemodynamic terms (Table 1A; JBP online appendix - http://jornaldepneumologia.com.br/detalhe_anexo.asp?id=57).

The values for hand circumference and maximum hand grip strength, respectively, for each respiratory therapist were as follows: 37.5 cm and 25.3 kgf, for respiratory therapist 1; 41.0 cm and 28.6 kgf, for respiratory therapist 2; and 45.0 cm and 17.0 kgf, for respiratory therapist 3. The partial regression coefficients for maximum hand grip strength vs. PEF and PEF - PIF difference were 0.36 and 0.46, respectively; whereas the partial regression coefficients for hand circumference vs. PEF and PEF - PIF difference were −0.21 and −0.33, respectively. These results indicate that hand grip strength is a better candidate (positive correlation) to explain the significant difference in performance among respiratory therapists, whereas hand size has a spurious negative correlation.

DISCUSSION

The major finding of the present study is that MCC potentiated the increase in the expiratory flow bias generated by the PEEP-ZEEP maneuver, making the maneuver potentially more effective in terms of pulmonary secretion removal in patients on mechanical ventilation. However, whereas MCC was responsible for increasing the expiratory flow bias by 7 L/min, the contribution of the PEEP-ZEEP maneuver-performed during volume-controlled ventilation-was 49 L/min, which is highly significant and well above the threshold considered necessary for pulmonary secretion clearance (PEF − PIF difference > 33 L/min).

MCC is commonly applied in one of two different ways(18): slowly and gradually throughout the expiratory phase; or abruptly and rapidly only at the start of expiration. In the present study, we chose the latter because it has been shown to be hemodynamically safe and more effective both in terms of an increase in PEF and in terms of secretion clearance, as compared with the former, in animal studies(18) and in studies of mechanical models.(19)

Comparison across studies in the literature examining the effects of MCC requires caution. In addition to there being two distinct MCC modalities, some studies have been conducted in spontaneously breathing individuals(20,21); others have compared MCC and vibration (which has an oscillatory component that seems to potentiate the increase in PEF)(20,22); others have finished MCC with rapid decompression of the chest,(23) which can reduce airway pressure and increase PIF when ventilation modes in which inspiratory flow is free, such as pressure-control ventilation, are used; and others have not described the maneuver in detail,(23) which makes it difficult to interpret their findings. Among the studies investigating the use of abrupt MCC during mechanical ventilation are studies of mechanical models, animal models, adults, and children; those studies reported that PEF increased significantly by 8.8 L/min,(19) 8.9 L/min,(18) 16.2 to 43.8 L/min,(23-25) and 13.8%,(26) respectively. The increase in PEF caused by MCC in our study was smaller than that found in studies of adults. Such differences are probably explained by the physical characteristics of the MCC operator and mainly by the force applied to the chest and the properties of the respiratory system of the patients studied. In the present study, we found that the grip strength of the dominant hand correlated weakly with the PEF generated during MCC and moderately with the PEF − PIF difference generated during MCC. However, it is noteworthy that the study design, with a small number of respiratory therapists, was not appropriate to establish correlations among the study variables. Wong et al.(27) assessed the effects of vibration (without MCC), percussion, and shaking applied by ten respiratory therapists in an animal model, during mechanical ventilation, and also found no correlation between the size of the hands of the respiratory therapists and the resulting force during the application of these techniques.

The higher PIP generated by respiratory therapist 3 may have been due to poorer synchronization between the application of MCC and the start of expiration. Earlier application of MCC, before the expiratory valve starts to open, translates to a greater increase in PIP. However, the mean PIP generated during the MCC applied by the three respiratory therapists was below 40 cmH2O, and in only 13% of the cycles did PIP reach values ranging from 40.0 to 45.5 cmH2O, which is still considered a safe threshold.(28,29) In addition, the increase in PIP occurred because of momentarily decreased rib cage compliance or of increased pleural pressure caused by the compression maneuver and therefore did not increase the transpulmonary pressure.(30) It is very likely that the physiological consequences of the compression maneuver are equivalent to the changes observed in spontaneous cough, or even in trumpet players: despite the large momentary increase in intra-alveolar pressure, there is a concomitant increase in pleural pressures, without there being an increase in the transpulmonary pressure gradient and therefore without risk of damage to the lung parenchyma.(31)Most studies on MCC have not described its effects on the expiratory flow bias.(24,25,32 34) An exception is the study conducted by Gregson et al.,(26) who showed that only when combined with MCC did the manual hyperinflation maneuver result in a PEF/PIF ratio > 1.1. One possible explanation for studies that failed to demonstrate that the use of MCC results in enhanced secretion removal(32,34) is that MCC was used with the specific objective of increasing PEF and there was no awareness of the need to increase the expiratory flow bias. Higher tidal volumes or higher inspiratory pressures are often associated with MCC. These settings can generate high PIFs, which neutralize the PEF increase caused by MCC, making the maneuver only slightly effective or completely ineffective.

The present study has some limitations, such as the small number of patients. However, physiological studies that aim to describe respiratory patterns usually have smaller samples, with 10 to 14 patients. (35,36) A second limitation is that both the PEEP-ZEEP maneuver and MCC can cause peripheral airway closure and expiratory flow limitation, conditions that were not investigated in our study, and therefore prudence is required in applying MCC in patients who are susceptible to these conditions.(23) Finally, the thresholds described for an expiratory flow bias to move secretion toward the glottis have not yet been investigated in humans and should be interpreted with caution. It is of note that the thresholds found in the study by Li Bassi et al.,(12) PEF − PIF difference > 33 L/min and PEF/PIF ratio > 4.3, were obtained in sedated animals on controlled mechanical ventilation, which makes it difficult to use those thresholds in patients on assisted spontaneous ventilation, as is the case of most of the patients in our study. It is also of note that the properties of the secretion of those animals were not analyzed, and secretion viscosity certainly influences the thresholds obtained. In addition, it is not known whether there is a positive linear relationship between the flow bias and secretion removal, that is, whether a greater flow bias (above a certain threshold) translates to greater secretion movement toward the glottis. Therefore, in clinical practice, combining MCC with the PEEP-ZEEP maneuver should not be discouraged solely on the basis of our results.

The results of our study support that the PEEP-ZEEP maneuver, alone or in combination with MCC, is a promising technique for secretion removal; however, the level of evidence remains low. Further studies are needed that use a standardized PEEP-ZEEP maneuver-carried out during volume-controlled ventilation and resulting in a PEF − PIF difference > 33 L/min-and that explore outcomes related to possible adverse effects, such as induction of lung collapse, and outcomes measuring the effectiveness of the maneuver, such as the quantity of secretions removed.

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